PEASANTS AS A SOCIAL STRATUM OF A POST-REFORM DISTRICT TOWN: NUMBER, AREAS OF ACTIVITY, AND CLASS MOBILITY (BASED ON KOLOMNA MATERIALS)

Abstract: The article examines the condition of peasants in the district Kolomna of the Moscow province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Archival materials on the issue include office documentation and statistics from the funds of the Kolomna district police department, the Moscow provincial statistical committee, and the Moscow Treasury Chamber of the Central State Archive of Moscow. In addition, the research introduces into scientific discourse unpublished sources supplemented by statistical data and the First All-Russian Census of 1897, which makes it possible to: a) identify changes in the total peasant population in Kolomna, b) consider intra-class migration, c) determine the economic activities of rural classes, and d) consider the ownership of real estate by peasants in the district Kolomna. The authors find out that in post-reform times there was an increase in the number of peasants in the city due to the influx of migrants from neighboring counties and provinces. The analysis of materials of the First General Census of 1897 revealed that people from rural areas made up half of the city residents. The article studies the economic activity of the peasant population and determines its main types. Representatives of the rural classes who lived in Kolomna filled in profitable economic niches: they were the owners of small factories, inns, wine cellars, taverns, and restaurants. Their activities were similar to those of the commoners as they were also engaged in petty trade or handicrafts, which was legalized by the issued trade certificates, and provided townspeople with everyday goods and services. The research reveals that the most successful peasants sought to acquire real estate both to expand a trade/craft establishment or production, to create comfortable living conditions, and also using economic and social influence, to improve their own social (class) position and become commoners or merchants.
Keywords: the Moscow province, Kolomna district, peasants, population, economic activity, class mobility.

POLITICAL SENTIMENT IN THE VILLAGE AT THE FINAL STAGE OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE OGPU INFORMATION DEPARTMENT)

Abstract. The subject of the article is the political sentiment in the village in 1925-1927. The study aims to consider the main types of protest manifestations in the peasant environment, which were presented in the memos and summaries of the OGPU information department. The author relies on archival and published historical sources to characterize the situation in the Soviet village on the eve of the collapse of the New Economic Policy (NEP) and to reveal the causes of the protest moods of the peasants and the forms of their manifestations. The article also provides critical analysis of the information summaries and extensive materials, which contain economic, household and purely political information. Such thematic summaries were compiled in the course of some specific events, they could be classified by region, industry, etc. Some historians suggest that some of the materials in the summaries could have been added by the employees of the information department themselves in order to please the political environment. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to explore the interaction of the government and society, since it is the reaction of the population that is one of the most objective indicators of the effectiveness of the state in achieving its goals. We believe that taking into account the experience of the past will make it possible to most effectively build communication between various political forces in modern Russia. As a methodology, the article uses a historical and systematic method that identifies various connections and features of the functioning of the object under study. The conclusions and main results of the study can be used in teaching history in tertiary education, in preparing materials for public speaking, as well as in social forecasting.
Keywords: New Economic Policy (NEP), Soviet village, political sentiment, OGPU information department, forms of protest.

REWARDS AND SANCTIONS POLICY FOR GENERAL POLICE OFFICERS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES (BASED ON THE MOSCOW PROVINCE MATERIALS)

Abstract. The article dwells on the rewards and sanctions system imposed on the general police officers of the Moscow province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The analysis of current documentation and investigative cases allowed the author to reveal and classify the reasons to reward police officers and introduce penalties for misconduct. The article provides specific facts of both successful service and improper actions of the police, and also examines the attitude of the superiors and the population towards the police performing their official duties.
The historiography on the issue of motivating police officials is reflected in the works by D.M. Akazeyev, N.F. Baikova, I.A. Konovalov, L.V. Potapova, V.N. Ratushnyak, and P.A. Sungurov. However, the specifics of the application of the rewards and sanctions system by the police departments of the Moscow province have not previously been the subject of special research, and therefore the given article aims to fill this gap.
The source base includes both published and unpublished materials. The published sources include the following legislative documents: “Temporary Rules of the Organization of the Police” (1862), “Code on Criminal and Correctional Punishments” (1845). The unpublished sources that served as the basis for the research were documents from the Office of the Moscow Governor (F. 17) and Bronnitsy (F. 478), Moscow (F. 483) and Kolomna (F. 492) district police departments, which are stored in the Central State Archives of Moscow. Archival files are represented by the instructions of district police officers on police personnel, the letters of superiors on the exaction of fines from police officers, books for recording reprimands to police officers, protocols and reports of police officers on the dismissal of employees, and on detained persons who violated order. A source of personal origin was also used – the memoirs by Moscow governor V.F. Dzhunkovsky, which contain episodes on the issue under study.
Keywords: the Moscow Province in post-reform times, general police, performance rewards and sanctions.

ISSUES OF METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REGIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Abstract. The role of sustainable regional development is becoming increasingly relevant in connection with the relocation of economic reform issues from the center to the regions. A need to develop and implement a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the transition to sustainable development is of particular importance due to insufficient systematization of approaches to the development of the concept of regional development and the absence of a unified system of monitoring statistical and analytical data. The article considers the main obstacles to the implementation of sustainable development principles in the regions. Despite a significant number of legislative documents related to the economic development of the regions, a unified concept of regional development has not yet been finalized at the federal and regional levels; so far there is no system of statistical and analytical data that allows for systematic monitoring of the implementation of existing programs, making necessary adjustments, further elaboration of projects taking into account the results achieved. The necessity of developing and implementing a unified methodology for assessing the effectiveness of regions in the system of sustainable development is considered. To improve the efficiency of the implementation of these principles at both the federal and regional levels, it is necessary to develop and implement a system of qualitative and quantitative indicators of this activity based on an index assessment of key indicators, as well as determine ways to assess the results achieved to adjust the existing plans for socio-economic development.
The article examines the main factors that have a key impact on the sustainable development of the region and considers the conceptual approach to the development of a system of basic indicators for assessing sustainable regional development.
Keywords: regional sustainable development, regional development concept, federal projects, regional economy, target indicators.

ANALYSIS OF MILK PROTEIN RESOURCES AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS OF ITS FRACTIONATION

Abstract. The article examines milk protein resources in the Russian Federation, characteristics of the types and properties of whey proteins, and methods of their fractionation; it also describes the types, composition and biological properties of plant and animal proteins, and the need for dietary protein depending on the age of the population. Raw milk and its processed products contain significant resources of biologically complete protein. In domestic and foreign practice, effective technological schemes for fractionation of whey proteins with preservation of their biological activity based on baromembrane and chromatographic processes have been developed. With the growth of the population and the increase in life expectancy, the relevance of providing the population with adequate protein nutrition is increasing both in the Russian Federation and on a global scale.The solution to this socio-economic problem is possible through rational and comprehensive use of all resources of plant and animal origin. Currently, it is of investment interest to obtain serum proteins with biological activity from subsurface serum, namely: α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin. The chain growth rate of gross cow’s milk production in farms of all categories in the Russian Federation in the period from 2018 to 2024 is about 15 percent. The highest growth in cheese consumption has been observed in the Russian Federation over the past 5 years, an increase of 56%. An analysis of the production of subsurface serum by federal districts indicates that the Central Federal District is in the lead, followed by the Volga District. The smallest amount of subsurface serum was produced in the Far Eastern District.
Keywords: investing in the cheesemaking industry, milk protein, protein fractionation, cheese whey, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin.

WAYS TO OPTIMIZE THE METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING THE FINANCIAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICY OF AN ENTERPRISE (AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE “KUBAN” CASE STUDY)

Abstract: The paper continues a series of studies devoted to the features of managing the financial resources of a modern agricultural enterprise. The subject of the study is the methodology for assessing the management of the financial resources of a modern enterprise. The research aims to justify the ways of optimizing the methodology for assessing the financial resources of an enterprise.
The relevance of the article is determined by the need to form adequate analytical basis to develop a plan for further business development. This is especially important given the limited growth opportunities for Russian companies.
The study analyzes the accounting reports of the Kuban Agricultural Association, including the balance sheet and income statement, and also examines research works related to strategies of financial resources effective management. In addition, the article takes into account data reflecting average market trends. The statistical analysis research methods include horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, coefficient method, and others. The potential conclusions are compared relying on the results of the financial resources analysis, which made it possible to expand the value of the generated conclusions via the suggested elements of the analytical process.
The key results of the study are as follows: in order to significantly increase the information value of the analysis of the management of an enterprise’s financial resources, it is advisable to supplement the traditional analytical process by comparing the enterprise’s values for financial stability and profitability with the median value characteristics of the industry studied as a whole.
In addition, key competitors should be identified and their characteristic values should be compared with the ones the company exhibits during the period under study. This will allow a researcher to formulate more substantiated conclusions regarding the effectiveness of current business policies in the context of financial resource management. A ranking of enterprises based on median values is proposed. The scope of the results application is the analytical process within the framework of managing the company’s financial resources. Supplementing the methodology for analyzing the policy of managing an enterprise’s financial resources by comparing the current values of the company’s indicators with the market average and the values of key competitors will increase the information and analytical value of calculating the coefficients characterizing this area of the enterprise’s economic activity.
Keywords: financial analysis, financial resources, comparison method, competitors, agricultural enterprises, median values.

ADVERTISING DISCOURSE THROUGH THE PRISM OF STYLISTICS IN MODERN GERMAN

Abstract. The article explores advertising texts from the linguistic point of view. Nowadays advertising is an integral part of the social culture, the main goal of which is to influence the consumer. It is in advertising that the voluntary function of language is clearly expressed: it applies various stylistic devices aimed at arousing consumer interest in the advertised product. The relevance of the research subject is due to the importance of studying the psychological impact of advertising on a person. The article discusses what linguistic means are used in advertising discourse to influence people. It focuses on the word formation of nouns, as they represent all word formation methods existing in the German language. The author comes to the conclusion that the most popular and frequently used linguistic means in advertising discourse in modern German are anglicisms, phraseological units, and rhetorical figures.
Keywords: advertising, discourse, stylistics, word formation, linguistic means.

THE VERBAL IMAGE OF “THE DRABNESS OF LIFE” IN THE NOVEL “THE MOSCOW ECCENTRIC” BY ANDREI BELY

Abstract. The article examines the semantic and stylistic possibilities of a verbal image in a work of art. The subject of study is the verbal image of “the drabness of life” in the text of the novel “The Moscow Eccentric” by the symbolist writer Andrei Bely. The research aims to study the semantic implementation of the figurative constant in A. Bely’s prose, which involves solving a number of particular problems: the study of the conceptual, figurative, meaningful and value components of the image, taking into account its conceptual nature. The article studies the syntagmatic connections and paradigmatic relations of the conceptual lexeme “life”, which determine the multidimensionality and semantic multi-layering of the image, as well as the features of its stylistic functioning and the role in the reception of a literary text. The author implements the tools of descriptive, textual and linguistic-stylistic analysis to reveal the semantic multifunctionality of a figurative unit and substantiate its role in reflecting the author’s picture of the world. Based on the analysis of artistic contexts containing the verbal image of “the drabness of life”, the interdependence of such text categories as the image of the author and imagery is revealed; the figurative, symbolic and conceptual meaning of the linguistic unit under study is unveiled. The theoretical significance of the paper is for the results of the study to contribute to the methodology of linguostylistic text analysis. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using its materials in linguistic and linguostylistic analysis of a literary text in such courses as Philological text analysis, Linguistic text analysis, Stylistics, etc.
Keywords: verbal image, semantics, stylistic functioning, Andrei Bely, prose.

LEXICAL REPRESENTATION OF SPACE FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE AS A TOOL OF IMPLEMENTING INCLUSION

Abstract. The article attempts to describe the lexical means of representing space for the blind in the modern German language as one of the tools for implementing inclusion. This topic is relevant in modern society, where issues of inclusion and information accessibility are becoming increasingly important. People with visual impairments have certain difficulties in navigating in space, therefore the correct selection of lexical means and methods of representing space can significantly facilitate their lives. The subject of the study is the lexical means used by sighted people to visually support the blind and people with visual impairments in their spatial orientation. The purpose of the study is to identify lexical means of representing space for people with visual impairments in order to provide them with the opportunity for effective navigation. During the study, to achieve the goal, the following methods were used: field observation, analysis and synthesis, structuring vocabulary, classification, and description. The study revealed that the use of lexical means of describing space for blind people can make their participation in public life more inclusive. It is noted that there are specific features in the selection of lexical means for this category of people, since blind people cannot navigate by visual pictures and facial expressions; they rely on other channels of perception, mainly hearing and tactile sensations. Moreover, such studies contribute to the development of linguistic skills of specialists in the field of inclusive education, social work with people with visual impairments, and also help to create a more friendly and open society, that is, an inclusive environment for all its members, regardless of their needs.
Keywords: inclusion, spatial orientation of people with visual impairments, lexical means, representation of space, German language.

PECULIARITIES OF TERM FORMATION IN THE PROFESSIONALY ORIENTED GERMAN LANGUAGE (BASED ON MINE HOISTING VOCABULARY)

Abstract. The mining industry, together with the segment of underground mining by vertical shaft hoisting, is an important element of international industrial cooperation, therefore it is undoubtedly of great interest to linguists due to the lack of study. The article is devoted to the study of the structure of terms in the professional vocabulary of mine hoisting in the German language. The subject of the research is terminological units used in the scientific field of mine hoisting, which were selected from professional technical documentation and technological descriptions and guides in the course of their translation.
The study aims to analyze the peculiarities of term formation in the professional German language (based on the example of mine hoisting vocabulary). The structural method of the analysis of this professional vocabulary has not been applied before. Thus, the relevance of the study is determined by the lack of study of the structural models of terms in mine hoisting vocabulary. The structural analysis made it possible to consider the semantic, syntactic, morphological, and lexico-morphological ways of forming terms, as well as borrowings and abbreviations. The study revealed the most productive models of the formation of terms in mine hoisting vocabulary in German and outlined the main development trends.
The study concludes that the most productive way of word formation is word-composition due to the complexity of concepts, processes and phenomena denoted. However, one can observe the opposite tendency to form abbreviations and acronyms to overcome excessive complexity. Thus, the dialectic of the language is reflected in a specific segment of its vocabulary. The abundance of anglicisms and hybrids emphasizes the international character of professional communication. The results of the study anticipate the main trends in the development of the lexical group in consideration and indicate a need for further analysis.
Keywords: professional language, mine hoisting vocabulary, term, terminology, structural analysis, word formation, German.