DISTRICT PIONEER HEADQUARTERS “COMMISSARS”: HISTORY OF CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES

Abstract. The subject of the article is the district pioneer headquarters (DPH) “Commissars” and its activities. The study aims to consider the reasons for the creation of the DPH “Commissars” as well as the stages of its formation, and to analyze the forms of its participation in the socio-political life of the country. The author relies on published historical sources and memoirs to characterize the Kirovsky district pioneer headquarters in Moscow as a voluntary association of teenagers and adults based on principles of self-government, which functioned as an institution of civil society in the USSR, demonstrated high levels of social activity among young people, and gave them opportunities to realize their potential within public organizations. A distinctive feature of the Soviet civil society was the formation of its elements “from above”, i.e. by decision of state authorities. However, district pioneer headquarters were a rare exception to this rule, since the initiative for their establishment came directly from members of the pioneer organization itself. Young activists sought to combat formalism and overorganization in the activities of the All-Union Pioneer Organization through these initiatives. The relevance of the article lies in recognizing past experiences when developing structures implementing state policies aimed at children and youth policy implementation. The younger generation represents the potential for societal development and the foundation for future prosperity. Their socialization, the formation of civic consciousness, and spiritual-moral values are crucial for sustaining positive changes across economic, social, political, and cultural spheres of life. As a methodology, the article uses a historical and systematic method that identifies various connections and features of the functioning of the object under study. The conclusions and main results of the study can be used in the work of public and state movements, in teaching history, in educational organizations, in extracurricular activities, in preparing materials for public state speeches, as well as in social forecasting.
Keywords: district pioneer headquarters (DPH), pioneer detachment, staff officers, junior instructor, senior instructor, council of headquarters’ friends.

AGRARIAN REFORM OF THE 1990S: DEBATABLE ISSUES OF HISTORIOGRAPHY AND REALITY (ON FORMS OF LAND OWNERSHIP AND FARMING)

Abstract. The agrarian reform of the 1990s was the subject of thorough scientific research at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Scholars of various branches of science – historians, economists, legal experts, sociologists, and philosophers – addressed a wide range of issues related to the reform of the agro-industrial sector in their studies. During the early years of reforms, opposing points of view were formulated about possible ways of implementing the agrarian reform and the effectiveness of its key measures. A detailed historiographical analysis of scholarly literature on institutional changes and the transformation of agricultural producer structures in post-Soviet Russia has revealed key debatable issues in academic works, namely the denationalization of agricultural enterprises; the privatization of land and other means of production; the advantages of large-scale agricultural production over small-scale farming, and vice versa; the reasons for the failures of the agrarian reform at its initial stage; the effectiveness of the reorganization of collective and state farms; and the preference for certain forms of farming in a market-based agrarian economy. To verify the validity of the research hypotheses on key contentious issues at the start of agrarian reforms, the arguments of scholars holding opposing views were compared with actual data from reports on the financial and economic performance of agricultural producers in the Central Chernozem region in 1990 and 2000.
Keywords: post-Soviet Russia, historiography, statistical data, agrarian reform, multi-structured economy, reorganization of collective farms and state farms, new forms of farming.

THE EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION TOOLS FOR DESTABILIZING POWER IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF 2000, 2004 AND 2008)

Abstract. The article examines a crucial transitional period in Russia’s modern history (2000–2008), during which the ideology of reforms underwent a transformation to incorporate previously rejected elements such as patriotism and national values. The transitional nature of Russia’s statehood and the contradictions within public consciousness made the country vulnerable to external information campaigns as part of contemporary post-classical hybrid warfare. The goal of those waging information wars against Russia at the time was to prevent the consolidation of patriotic principles in the country’s political life. To achieve this, various methods were employed, including the discreditation of the supreme authority, aimed at weakening the bond between society and the state. The authors conclude that the activity of the West in the information war against Russia increased over time, facilitated by advancements in technology and cognitive-mental influence techniques. At the same time, the article demonstrates that Russia gradually adapted to new hybrid warfare tactics, which helped maintain public support for the country’s leadership and the politicians representing it.
Keywords: information wars, hybrid wars, president, power, security, Russian Federation, elections, patriotism, public opinion.

VALUE FRAMEWORK OF THE CONCEPT PEDAGOGY IN THE VICTORIAN ERA

Abstract. Throughout the 19th century, the problem of the development and conservatism of education remained one of the most relevant in the socio-political life of Britain. The issue of the need for reform has been repeatedly raised by a wide range of print media, the public, and supported by leading political parties. The article examines the value concepts of pedagogy and their influence on the formation of personality and social relations, an in-depth study of the impact of social changes on the value concepts of pedagogy, which will create a more complete picture of the context in which the ideas of education developed applicable in the modern world. The article aims to highlight the axiological components of the concept of Pedagogy based on literary works. The subject of the study is the values of the concept of Pedagogy, formed in the Victorian era. The research methods are comparative historical, comparative, and linguistic analysis to reflect the changes in the education system and pedagogical approaches in the Victorian era. The research materials are the texts of “Hard Times” by Charles Dickens and “The Tenant of Wildfell Hall” by Anna Bronte. The study revealed that the concept of Pedagogy in the Victorian era was multifaceted and contradictory; it reflected the ethical and social values of that time, was based on a utilitarian and mechanistic approach, and was often criticized.
The results of the research can be used in the context of studying changes in educational approaches at different times, the influence of cultural and social reforms and society on pedagogical approaches and concepts.
Keywords: education, values, pedagogy, the concept of Pedagogy, pedagogical approach, the Victorian era.

ADVERTISING AS A MEANS OF FORMING NATIONAL STEREOTYPES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND GERMANY

Abstract. The article discusses the process of forming national stereotypes with the help of mass media. Special attention is paid to advertising texts and advertising videos as a valuable source of information about the cultural peculiarities and stereotypes of different countries. The authors have studied commercials of German and English companies and identified the most popular cultural motifs to which advertisers appeal. The latter aim to improve the sales of goods and services abroad by appealing to the cultural stereotypes of another country. The article analyses the linguistic means to which the creators of advertising resort to describe certain stereotypes about representatives of another culture. The article analyses the relationship between language and culture in the learning process. It is noted that advertising texts and videos contain valuable cultural information not only for buyers, but also for people studying the culture of another country. Therefore, advertising can become a source of knowledge about the culture of this or that country and an important tool for the development of intercultural competence in foreign language classes.
Keywords: cultural motifs, advertising text, national stereotypes, language markers, linguistic culture.

ATYPICAL CASES OF SUBJECT EXPRESSION

Abstract. The article examines complex cases of identifying the subject in a sentence. The complexity arises from the fact that the subject, like any other part of a sentence, can be expressed in atypical ways. Among these, the author highlights subjects expressed by a noun in the genitive case, as in: «Пароходов было два» (‘There were two steamships’). The author also considers compound terms referred to as ‘syncretic formations’ as atypical subject expressions, such as «стиральная машина» (‘washing machine’), «губная помада» (‘lipstick’), and «классный руководитель» (‘class teacher’). In addition, it is atypical for any part of a sentence to be expressed by a syntactically indivisible phrase. Not every syntactically indivisible phrase can function as a subject. The author identifies only five groups: those with quantitative («трое друзей» – ‘three friends’), indefinite («кто-то незнакомый» – ‘someone unfamiliar’), selective («один изнас» – ‘one of us’), generalized («все мы» – ‘all of us’), and collective meanings («брат ссестрой» – ‘brother and sister’). A special place among atypical subject expressions is occupied by metaphorical phrases like «лес рук» (‘a forest of hands’) and «море цветов» (‘a sea of flowers’). These constructions combine features of free phrases, fully meaningful words, and phraseological units. It is also atypical for the subject to be expressed by a combination of a verb and a noun. However, such cases do exist, specifically, descriptive verb-nominal phrases like «вести борьбу» (‘to wage a struggle’) and «сделать замечание» (‘to make a remark’). The author considers a special case to be a compound subject, which structurally resembles a compound nominal predicate. Its difference from the latter lies in the fact that the linking element is expressed by an infinitive, as in: «Быть образованным – престижно» (‘To be educated is prestigious’). Moreover, the key feature of such subjects is their obligatory pre-position. The cases discussed in the article demonstrate the flexibility and polysemy of the linguistic system.
Keywords: predicative (grammatical) basis of a sentence; principal parts of a sentence; subject; predicate; atypical ways of expressing the subject.

RUSSIAN POETRY OF THE 19TH CENTURY THROUGH THE LENS OF “RUSSKOYE BOGATSTVO” (1904)

Abstract. The genre of the jubilee literary anthology remains understudied in literary scholarship, as its distinction from the jubilee (commemorative) collection has not been fully clarified. The latter is typically published to mark the anniversary of a person or institution and consists of newly commissioned works by colleagues, students, and admirers. In contrast, a jubilee anthology functions as a digest – a curated selection of existing works bound by temporal or institutional constraints, with the ultimate aim of shaping a literary canon. While a jubilee collection canonizes its honoree, a jubilee anthology canonizes its contributors themselves, often without seeking their consent. For living authors, inclusion in such an anthology represents the highest form of recognition.
A paradigmatic example is “Russkaya Muza” (1904), edited by P.F. Yakubovich, who critically engaged with the methodologies of his predecessors (V.D. Bonch-Bruevich, A.N. Salnikov, M.L. Binshtok, Ar. Sosnitsky) in reviews published in the journal “Russkoye Bogatstvo”. In his anthology, Yakubovich rectified certain flaws he had criticized in other jubilee editions (e.g., the imbalance between the quantity of texts and an author’s literary significance) but replicated others — a consequence of his editorial role at “Russkoye Bogatstvo”, as evidenced by his inclusion of G.P. Perlovsky’s poems in “Russkaya Muza”.
Keywords: jubilee anthology, jubilee collection, literary canon, P.F. Yakubovich, “Russkoye Bogatstvo” journal.

FEATURES OF SHAPING STATE EMPLOYMENT POLICY AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

Abstract. The article examines the challenges of shaping the state employment policy at the regional level, which currently fails to ensure effective coordination among federal, regional, and local authorities, leading to labor market imbalances. To achieve the research objectives, the study employed a range of methods, including systems analysis, statistical analysis, scientific abstraction, systems modeling (system identification of research objects), and abstract-logical reasoning.
The study reviews international labor market policies, drawing insights that underscore the need for a tailored approach to regional employment policy in Russia, aligned with domestic labor market conditions. An analysis of labor market trends across Russian regions and nationwide revealed strengths and weaknesses in existing labor relations, particularly in workforce supply and demand dynamics. Based on these findings, the authors propose a structured framework for regional employment policy, encompassing state employment strategy, policy priorities, federal, regional, and municipal employment policies, labor relations regulation, and employment sector development. This structured approach is designed to foster favorable labor market conditions and promote voluntary, efficient employment across regions.
The theoretical significance of the obtained research results lies in the creative development of individual provisions concerning the theory of regional economics, systemic diagnostics of regional problems, patterns of functioning and development of regional economic systems, and methods of managing regional development. The practical significance of the obtained results consists in the development of methodological approaches and substantiation of theoretical provisions set out in the article and brought to the level of practical recommendations that can be used in the formation of regional policy of the state, the development and improvement of legislative acts of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: state course, employment sphere, state priorities, federal employment policy, regional employment policy, municipal employment policy.

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR COMPANIES IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL ECONOMY

Abstract. Russia’s strategic priorities for development are focused on achieving national goals by ensuring a sustainable trajectory of economic growth. The article examines key aspects of the formation and implementation of development strategies for Russian firms amid the digital transformation of the economy. The authors analyze current trends and challenges faced by domestic enterprises when integrating digital technologies into business processes. Special attention is paid to the adaptation of Russian companies to new market conditions and the development of effective digital transformation mechanisms. The relevance of the study stems from the need to justify a comprehensive approach to digital transformation to ensure business competitiveness in modern conditions. The anticipated shift towards complete adoption of international financial reporting standards is considered a key factor shaping the future of corporate accounting and reporting in Russia, which requires firms to adapt to new standards and methodologies in advance.
The study aims to assess the impact of modern digital tools on business processes by systematizing their advantages and drawbacks. The methodological approach is based on a systems framework, employing classical analytical methods such as generalization, comparison, and identification of positive and negative factors in the development of the digital economy within business processes. The scientific novelty of the article lies in its customer-centric perspective and the authors’ classification of elements of an effective corporate strategy.
The findings highlight the influence of the digital economy on firms’ development strategies, particularly in adopting innovative digital technologies, organizational restructuring, and corporate culture. Consideration of the key trends in accounting automation, driven by the adoption of international financial reporting standards, may be of interest to specialists in accounting departments of companies.
Keywords: digital transformation, digital economy, strategic management, innovative solutions, market trends.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RETURN ON SALES AND RETURN ON ASSETS OF CURRENT STORE FORMATS

Abstract. The article analyzes the return on sales (ROS) and return on assets (ROA) of leading grocery retail chains operating in the contemporary Russian market. The retail chains are categorized by store format, with all data examined dynamically across 2018-2023. Chain growth rates are calculated for the study period to identify trends in key performance indicators. Additionally, average ROS and ROA values are determined for each format and compared against industry benchmarks approved by the Federal Tax Service (FTS) for each year. The study aims to compare deviations of ROS and ROA from industry averages and to identify the leading store format demonstrating profitability metrics most aligned with FTS standards during the analyzed period. The relevance of the study stems from the need for data-driven management decision-making to assess competitors’ operational efficiency and evaluate risk criteria, which are recognized by tax authorities as a type of activity that requires particularly close attention from regulatory authorities. The research methodology combines general scientific methods (abstraction, generalization, synthesis, and analogy) with quantitative methods of statistical data analysis. The results of the research can be valuable for marketing specialists who operate in retail trade, as well as analysts and educators using statistical case studies.
Keywords: return on sales, return on assets, industry averages, retail, store formats, profitability rate, revenue.