HISTORIOGRAPHICAL TRENDS IN STUDYING A RUSSIAN COUNTY CITY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19^TH CENTURY

Abstract. The article presents a review of the key trends in studying the Russian provincial city of the period 1800–1861, starting with the early stages of the formation of Russian historical urban studies to modern concepts of contemporary Russian science, which introduce new criteria to determine the structure and stages of the development of Russian urban history. The author proposes the periodization of historiographical research divided into five blocks, in each of which keyareas of research are indicated and justified.
The sequence of the development of historical interest is determined: from the early stage, when the definition of the regulatory framework for city functioning and urban management was formulated, to the later comprehensive study of the city as an integral system. It is indicated that the logic of scientific research wasmodified in the 1920s by post-revolutionary political attitudes, whereas in the pre-war decade the historiography of the Russian cityshiftedtowards studying the exclusively economic (industrial) role of the city.The social narratives of this period put emphasis on the history of the working class and the labor movement.
The third quarter of the 20th century saw a shift of researchers’ focus to a comprehensive study of the socio-economic component of Russian cities, which became the forerunner of the current period of historical urban studies characterized by a multiplicity of research topics, narrowing and specification of the chronological and territorial boundaries of study. It was in that period that extensive, generalizing works appeared, which provided a comparative analysis of the processes that took place in cities located in different territories of the Russian Empire.
The author deliberately leaves open the question of the comparative analysis of the development of Russian and European provincial citiesduringthe period, which was similartypologicallybut non-synchronouschronologically: a transition periodfrom a traditional (medieval) city to an industrial one.
Key words: Russian city, pre-reform period, historical urban studies, historiography.

THE JEWISH POPULATION OF KOLOMNA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX^TH – EARLY XX^TH CENTURIES: DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Abstract. The article discusses the status of the Jewish diaspora in the county town of Kolomna of the Moscow province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. A detailed analysis of Russian legislation made it possible to trace the government’s policy towards Jews in the second half of the 19th century. Archival materials on the issue include office documentation and statistics extracted from the funds of the Kolomna county police department, the Moscow provincial statistical committee and the Moscow Treasury Chamber of the Central State Archives of Moscow. Unpublished sources supplemented by statistics and data from the All-Russian Census of 1897 were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which made it possible to: a) identify the changes in the size of the Jewish population and b) conduct a comparative study of the national and religious composition of Kolomna and other county cities of the province.
It has been established that from the 1860s to the 1880s there was an increase in the number of Jews due to the influx of migrants from the western provinces (Mogilev, Kovno, Lublin, Volyn, Vilna, and Poltava provinces). On the contrary, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the number of Jews decreased threefold as a result of imperial oppression, as well as repressive measures against Jewish people on the territory of the Moscow province.
Jews were considered to be lower middle classes and most of them came from retired lower ranks of the Russian army. The author studies the economic activity of the Jewish population and determines its main types – trade and craft, which provided the townspeople with everyday goods and services. Despite administrative restrictions and persecution, the Jewish diaspora coexisted peacefully with the indigenous population of the city, remained committed to their religious traditions and had their own house of prayer in Kolomna.
Keywords: national issue, the Moscow province, the Kolomna county, Jewish diaspora, class structure, economic activity.

HISTORICAL LESSONS OF THE SECOND ARTSAKH (NAGORNO-KARABAKH) WAR OF 2020

Abstract. The article explores the history of the latest armed conflicts and local wars on the post-Soviet territory. The subject of the study is the trends in the development of modern wars (based on the materials of the events in Transcaucasia in 2020). The article aims to study the development of the conflict in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) as a typical hot spot of the post-Soviet space. The key methodology is the philosophy of practice with its inherent principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. Inter subject communication is also widely used. The relevance of the work is determined by the need for the Russian Federation to reflect hybrid threats to its security and the involvement in scientific circulation of new factual material on modern military history. An important part of military history is their “hybridization”, i.e. modern methods of influencing the enemy acquire the character of hybrid wars. Among other things, “color” quasi-revolutions are an integral part of them. The article provides evidence that Armenia was exposed to the technologies of “color” quasi-revolutions, but the ruling class of the republic did not draw conclusions from this. However, in addition to “nonviolent” means of influence, the arsenal of hybrid wars also includes the direct use of armed force in various formats, scale and nature. A specific feature of armed violence is the use of the latest means of warfare, such as drones, even at the local level. It was this strategy based on the latest high-tech weapons of destruction that Turkey and Azerbaijan used, whereas Armenia and Artsakh relied on old-fashioned military equipment, Soviet in most cases, with some contemporary Russian modifications. The defeat in the second Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) war was a heavy blow not only to Armenia, but also to the interests of the Russian Federation.
The conclusions of the study can be used to teach history and can be relied on in monographs on the history of local hybrid wars. The results can also be used to develop recommendations in the field of patriotic education.
Keywords: Russia, Caucasus, hybrid wars, “color” quasi-revolutions, Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), Turkey, drones, strategy.

PLANNING FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN A BUDGETARY INSTITUTION

Abstract. The article dwells on the issues of planning financial and economic activities in budgetary institutions. It discusses the basic concepts, principles and procedure for drawing up a plan in accordance with accepted and approved changes and requirements. Since all budgetary and autonomous institutions, without exception, are required to work according to a financial and economic activity plan, the state has established clear requirements for the formation, content and approval of a financial and economic activity plan.In 2022 and 2023, a number of adjustments were made to the existing regulatory documents that guide institutions when drawing up plans for financial and economic activities. Starting from 2023, budgetary institutions draw up their plans taking into account the new rules.
The article aims to provide a detailed analysis of drawing up a plan for the financial and economic activities of budgetary institutions, taking into account the innovations.Since planning financial and economic activities in a budgetary institution is necessary to organize its work and achieve the goals and objectives established by the founder, laying out a competent plan for financial and economic activities is the most important condition for increasing management efficiency and determining the state of the institution’s financial system.
Keywords: the plan of financial and economic activities; budgetary institution; planning; financial and economic activities; income; expenses; receipts; payments; calculations; justifications; requirements.

RATIONAL FINANCIAL BEHAVIOR AND REDUCING FINANCIAL FETISHISM AS A CONDITION FOR ENSURING FINANCIAL SECURITY

Abstract. Despite the availability of publications in the field of financial behavior research, there is currently a lack of developments on the issues under consideration. It prevents us from comprehending and finding solutions to the long-standing problems of modernizing educational, instructional and information youth policy, which contributes to the formation of a generation consumers whose financial behavior complies with the sustainable development paradigm, in terms of financial education and upbringing. Therefore, the article considers the issue of studying rational financial behavior and reducing financial fetishism as a condition for ensuring financial security. Financial behavior is defined as both the social and economic behaviour of a person in the selection and implementation of financial strategies based on economic, social and ethical criteria. It can take the form of deviant financial behavior, expressed in a person’s evasion of legal and ethical standards due to defects in financial literacy and financial education. The problem of reducing deviation in the field of financial behavior is of key importance in the study of the rationality of financial behavior. This issue is rather ideological and educational, and concerns the degradation of broad sections of the population. Financial fetishism is the psychological basis of the strategy of financial behavior in the era of mass consumer society. It is based on the sacralization of quick financial success, which takes on exaggerated forms and damageshuman spiritual development. The use of scientific methods to form and implement the educational, instructive and information youth policy in Russia in the field of improving financial literacy and financial culture involves compiling a list of measures to develop socially responsible financial behavior of young people for it to be included in program documents and action plans of the departments and organizations in charge.
Keywords: financial behavior, financial literacy, financial fetishism, financial security.

STRATEGIES FOR MARKETPLACE REGULATION ON THE EUROPEAN UNION MARKET

Abstract. The article discusses the instruments for regulating the development processes on the modern consumer market of marketplaces as a new form of organizing systemic trade. The latter are turning today into intermediaries between buyers and manufacturers, on the one hand, and sellers of goods and services, on the other hand. The article provides evidence that the very concept of “marketplace” is interpreted too broadly by the European regulator, including both individuals and legal entities offering online intermediation services to business users. However, only systemically important marketplaces that provide services under the P2B2C scheme are subject to regulation. The authors provide a detailed analysis of the regulatory instruments by studying the example of the EU and German markets, based on the current legislative framework.
The marketplace regulatory instruments used in the European Union are viewed from a multidimensional perspective: from the point of view of product distribution (relationships with local producers); from the perspective of maintaining competition on the market where marketplaces collide with local traders; and in terms of the interaction with consumers in a new dimension, implying that without directly communicating with the customers, the merchant still has a significant information base.
The authors point out the strategies for the formation and maintenance of fair competition on the domestic market and the formation of unified European legislation in the field of protecting the domestic market and consumer rights. They analyze both the general provisions that should guide all the entities in the field of e-commerce, regarding their subordination to competition protection rules, and those specifically adopted for the regulation of significant electronic platforms.
The authors put special emphasis on the predominantly preventive nature of the regulation of marketplaces in the European Union and on the instruments that they find appropriate to be implemented on the Russian market.
Keywords: trade, marketplaces, regulatory instruments, EU legislation, general and special requirements.

WAYS OF CREATING THE SPEECH PORTRAIT OF AN AUTISTIC CHILD IN MARK HADDON’S NOVEL «THE CURIOUS INCIDENT OF THE DOG IN THE NIGHT-TIME»

Abstract. The article explores the problem of studying the speech characteristics of a literary character. It is common knowledge that a speech portrait plays the key role in an artistic image, since speech is an important element of a literary hero. The appearance of a child character in the role of the narrator in literary texts is increasingly attracting interest from researchers. However, little attention has been paid to studying the speech of a child character, especially his or her developmental features, which determines the relevance of the present work.
The subject of the study is the linguistic means used to convey the speech characteristics of an autistic child in a literary text. The paper aims to analyze the linguistic methods of creating the speech portrait of an autistic child character in a literary text. The material for the study is a contemporary English-language novel “The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time” by Mark Haddon (2003). The research methods include the observation method, the continuous sampling method, the classification method, and the analysis of theoretical literature on the issue under consideration.
The analysis has revealed that the study of a character s speech characteristics makes it possible to highlight certain ways of embodying the image of an autistic child through his or her speech, taking into account the level model of the language. The material reviewed and the results obtained during the study could contribute to expanding the knowledge of linguistic means capable of representing complex unique speech characteristics both of a child character and of people with autism spectrum disorders in general.
Keywords: speech portrait, speech characteristics, autistic child, novel, “The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time”.

WAYS OF CORRELATION OF THE PHRASEOLOGICAL TITLE WITH A TEXT OF THE POEMPHRASE POETIC GENRE

Abstract. The article explores the correlation of the phraseological title with a text of the poemphrase genre. A poemphrase is a poetic work, the source and the formal semantic base of which is a phraseological unit, whereas the content part reveals its creative potential. The article is based on the author’s material (more than 60 texts of this genre created in 2015–2022. The study aims to analyse the creative potential of a phraseological title in the genre of poemphrase.
To this end, the genre peculiarities of poemphrases, as well as the role and functions of the phraseological title are studied; the correlation of the strong position with the genre specificity of poemhrases and the essential features of a phraseological unit is revealed. The componential analysis of the meaning of phraseological titles, the analysis of their dictionary definitions, and the contextual analysis make it possible to study a phraseological unit as a createme (a specific text unit which develops new content enriched with meanings against the background of the meaning fixed in a dictionary). The means of expressing the correlation between the title and the text are studied as components of an idionetwork, i.e. a system of key elements reflecting the peculiarities of the poetics of text generation. The types of meaningful correlations of a phraseological title with the text of the poemphrase are explored, such as global coherence and local coherence, in accordance with the level structure of the language (phonetic, morphemic, lexical-semantic, phraseo-semantic, and syntactic levels).
Explicators of the “phraseologism – text” coherence are systematically revealed. The complex of connections between the phraseological title and the subsequent poetic text gives an idea of how the latter reveals its semantic, associative, combinatory, and cultural potential; demonstrates the way the core and peripheral semes of the meaning of the phraseological unit manifest themselves, and the way its internal form is actualized. Thus, the genre of poemphrase is explored as one of the vectors for realizing the creative potential of Russian phraseology.
Keywords: phraseological unit, poetic text, poemphrase, strong position, title, createme, level structure of the language.

CITATION AS A PRECEDENT PHENOMENON IN ADVERTISING TEXTS (GERMAN-BASED STUDY)

Abstract. The article presents an analysis of the use of quotes as a precedent phenomenon in German advertising texts. The study aims to identify the linguistic and pragmatic characteristics of advertising texts on the basis of German advertisements, as well as to analyze the role of quotes as an effective way of speech impact in them.
In accordance with the main objective of advertising, which is selling goods and services, informing the recipient, and promoting political beliefs, an advertising text is supposed to attract the attention of the consumer. To this end, various stylistic means, graphical, sound and visual effects are used. Citation as an effective component of speech impact has been little studied; questions remain related to the use of this stylistic device. This thesis determines the relevance of the research topic. The main research methods are the continuous sampling method, contextual analysis, structural and semantic analysis.
Citation in an advertising text as a precedent phenomenon is an important component of speech impact. The analysis of German texts brought us to the conclusion that replacing components in citations is most often used as a means of transformation. Adding components also plays a significant role, whereas the truncation of components is used least often. The examples examined provide a general idea of the trend in the use of quotes in modern advertising texts.
The results of the study can be used in conducting lectures and seminars on the stylistics of the German language, in developing elective courses on the interpretation of texts of various functional styles, as well as in writing articles, coursework and final qualification papers.
Keywords: advertising, advertising text, slogan, precedence, quotation, transformation.